Commission Members and Staff

Lloyd Cutler is senior counsel and founding partner of Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering. He has served as counsel to President Clinton and President Carter. Mr. Cutler also served as special counsel to the President on ratification of the Salt II Treaty (1970-1980); president's special representative for maritime resource and boundary negotiations with Canada (1977-1979); and senior consultant of the president's Commission on Strategic Forces (Scowcroft Commission, 1983-1984). He was a member of the president's Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform (1989). Mr. Cutler founded and co-chaired the Lawyers Committee on Civil Rights Under Law. He has served as chairman of the board of the Salzburg Seminar; co-chairman of the Committee on the Constitutional System; a member of the Council of the American Law Institute; a trustee emeritus of the Brookings Institution and a member of its Executive Committee; and an honorary bencher of the Middle Temple. Mr. Cutler has frequently written and appeared on television as a commentator and advocate in connection with a wide range of public policy matters.

Alan K. Simpson is a visiting lecturer at the University of Wyoming, and is currently a partner in a Washington-based government relations firm and a Denver-based law firm. Mr. Simpson served in the United States Senate from 1978 to 1997, acting as Minority Whip for ten of those years. He was an active force on the Judiciary Committee, Finance Committee, Environment and Public Works Committee and a Special Committee on Aging. A veteran who served in Germany during the final months of Allied occupation, he served as chair of the Veteran Affairs Committee. Prior to his election to the U.S. Senate, Mr. Simpson was elected to the Wyoming House of Representatives as a Republican in 1964, where he served as Majority Whip and later Majority Floor Leader. In 1977 he became speaker of the Wyoming House of Representatives. Senator Simpson served as director of the Institute of Politics at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government from 1998 to 2000.

Philip Chase Bobbitt is the A.W. Walker Centennial Chair in Law at the University of Texas School of Law. Professor Bobbitt has served as Associate Counsel to the President, the Counselor on International Law at the State Department, Legal Counsel to the Senate Iran-Contra Committee, Director for Intelligence, Senior Director for Critical Infrastructure and Senior Director for Strategic Planning at the National Security Council. He is a member of the American Law Institute, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Pacific Council on International Policy, and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. Professor Bobbitt is a former trustee of Princeton University and a former member of the Oxford University Modern History Faculty and the War Studies Department of Kings College, London. He has published six books: Constitutional Interpretation (1991), Democracy and Deterrence (1987), U.S. Nuclear Strategy (with Freedman and Treverton) (1989), Constitutional Fate (1982), Tragic Choices (with Calabresi) (1978) and most recently The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History (Knopf, 2002).

Kenneth Duberstein is Chairman and CEO of The Duberstein Group, an independent strategic planning and consulting company located in Washington, D.C. Duberstein served as Chief of Staff to President Ronald Reagan from 1988 to 1989, and as Deputy Chief of staff in 1987. From 1981-83 he served as both an Assistant and the Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs. Prior to joining the Administration, he was Vice President and Director of Business-Government Relations of the Committee for Economic Development. His earlier government service included Deputy Under Secretary of Labor during the Ford Administration and Director of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs at the U.S. General Services Administration. He began his public service on Capitol Hill as an assistant to Senator Jacob K. Javits. President Reagan awarded Mr. Duberstein the President's Citizens Medal in January of 1989.

Thomas Foley, former Speaker of the House, is a partner at Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer, & Feld, LLP. Ambassador Thomas S. Foley advises clients on matters of legal and corporate strategy. Ambassador Foley is currently the chairman of the Trilateral Commission. Prior to rejoining the firm in 2001, he served as the 25th U.S. ambassador to Japan. Before taking up his diplomatic post in November 1997, Ambassador Foley served as the 49th Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was elected to represent the state of Washington's Fifth Congressional District 15 times, serving his constituents for 30 years from January 1965 to December 1994. Mr. Foley served as Majority Leader from 1987 until his election as Speaker on June 6, 1989. From 1981 to 1987 he served as Majority Whip. He also was a chairman of both the House Democratic Caucus and the Democratic Study Group. Mr. Foley has served on a number of private and public boards of directors, including the Japan-America Society of Washington. He also served on the board of advisors for the Center for Strategic and International Studies and on the board of directors for the Center for National Policy. He was a member of the board of governors of the East-West Center and is currently a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Before his appointment as ambassador, he served as chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.

Charles Fried is Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, where he has taught since 1961. From 1985-1989 he was Solicitor General of the United States and from 1995-1999 he was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. He has taught courses on appellate advocacy, commercial law, constitutional law, contracts, criminal law, federal courts, labor law, torts, legal philosophy, and medical ethics. His major works include Order and Law: Arguing the Reagan Revolution (which has appeared in over a dozen collections); Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation; Right and Wrong; Medical Experimentation: Personal Integrity and Social Policy; and An Anatomy of Values. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Law Institute.

Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the House, is a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and a visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He was named a distinguished visiting scholar at the National Defense University in 2001. He is also the chief executive officer of the Gingrich Group, an Atlanta-based consulting firm, and a political commentator and analyst for the Fox News Channel. Under his leadership, Congress passed welfare reform, the first balanced budget in a generation, and the first tax cuts in sixteen years. Mr. Gingrich serves on the Board of Directors of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a member of the secretary of defense's National Security Study Group. A member of Congress for twenty years and Speaker of the House from 1995 to 1999, Mr. Gingrich is credited as being the chief architect of the Contract with America, which led to the 1994 Republican congressional victory and the first GOP majority in forty years.

Jamie S. Gorelick is Vice Chair of Fannie Mae, the nation's largest source of funds for home mortgages. Prior to joining Fannie Mae in May 1997, Gorelick was Deputy Attorney General of the United States, a position she assumed in March 1994. From May 1993 until she joined the Justice Department, Gorelick served as General Counsel of the Department of Defense. From 1979 to 1980 she was Assistant to the Secretary and Counselor to the Deputy Secretary of Energy. In the private sector, from 1975 to 1979 and again from 1980 to 1993, Gorelick was a litigator in Washington, D.C., representing major U.S. companies on a broad range of legal and business matters. She served as President of the District of Columbia Bar from 1992 to 1993. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the American Law Institute. Gorelick currently serves on the Central Intelligence Agency's National Security Advisory Panel as well as the President's Review of Intelligence.

Nicholas deB. Katzenbach served first as deputy US Attorney General under President John F. Kennedy, then as US Attorney General (1964-66) and then as under-Secretary of State under President Lyndon B. Johnson. Following his government service, Mr. Katzenbach served as Senior Vice President and General Counsel of IBM Corporation. He left IBM in 1986 to become a partner in Riker, Danzig, Scherer, Highland & Perretti until 1994. Prior to his government work, Mr. Katzenbach served in the US Air Force from 1941 to 1945. He practiced law in New Jersey and New York, and taught law first at Yale Law School and then at the University of Chicago Law School. He has published (with Morton A. Kaplan) The Political Foundations of International Law (1961), as well as many articles for professional journals. He is active in the American Bar Association and other legal organizations.

Robert A. Katzmann is a United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. After clerking on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, he joined the Brookings Institution Governmental Studies Program, where from 1981 99, he was a research associate, senior fellow, visiting fellow, and acting program director. He is a founder of the Governance Institute, a nonprofit organization concerned with exploring, explaining, and easing problems associated with both the separation and division of powers in the American federal system. He served as Walsh Professor of Government and professor of law at Georgetown University, and has served as a director of the American Judicature Society, vice chair of the Committee on Government Organization and Separation of Powers of the ABA Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, and a public member of the Administrative Conference of the United States. He has also been a consultant to the Federal Courts Study Committee. He served as co chair of the FTC transition team, and as special counsel to Senator Moynihan on the confirmation of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. His scholarly work has resulted in numerous books and articles, including Courts and Congress (1997).

Lynn Martin is chair of Deloitte & Touche's Council on the Advancement of Women and is an advisor to the accounting firm. She was the Secretary of Labor under President George Bush. During her tenure as Secretary of Labor, one of her initiatives was to create a model workplace program at the Department of Labor. Department employees received sexual harassment training and diversity training. The department also underwent its own glass ceiling review. Prior to serving as Secretary of Labor, Martin represented the 16th District of Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 1991. She was the first woman to achieve an elective leadership post when she was chosen as Vice Chair of the House Republican Conference, a position she held for four years. During her 10-year tenure, Martin served on the House Rules committee, the House Armed Services Committee, the House Budget Committee, the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, and the Committee on the District of Columbia.

Kweisi Mfume is President and Chief Executive officer of the National Associations for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Mr. Mfume gave up his seat in the United States House of Representatives to take the position. He had served as representative to Maryland's 7th Congressional District for ten years. As a member of Congress, Mr. Mfume was active with broad committee obligations. He served on the Banking and Financial Services Committee, and held the ranking seat on the General Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee. He also served as a member of the Committee on Education and as a senior member of the Small Business Committee. While in his third term, the Speaker of the House chose him to serve on the Ethics Committee and the Joint Economic Committee of the House and Senate where he later became chair. Mr. Mfume served as chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus, and later as the Caucus' Chair of the Task Force on Affirmative Action. During his last term in Congress, he was appointed by the House Democratic Caucus as the Vice-Chairman for Communications. Mr. Mfume was formerly a member of the Board of Visitors of the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, the Advisory Board of the Schomburg Commission for the Preservation of Black Culture, and the Senior Advisory Committee of the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is presently a member of the Gamma Boule Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity, Most Worshipful Prince Hall Masons, and Big Brothers and Big Sisters.

Robert H. Michel is Senior Advisor for Corporate and Governmental Affairs at Hogan & Hartson L.L.P. He joined the firm in 1995 after serving 38 years in Congress as the United States Representative from the 18th Congressional District of Illinois, including 14 years as House Minority Leader. He was elected to his first leadership position as Chairman of the Congressional Campaign Committee in 1972, then served as Republican Party Whip from 1974 until he was elected House Minority Leader in 1980. Prior to becoming House Minority Leader, Mr. Michel served from 1959 to 1980 as a member of the House Appropriations Committee, including 12 years as the ranking Republican on the Labor, Health, Education and Welfare Subcommittee. Mr. Michel serves on the Boards of the Chicago Board of Trade, BNFL, Inc., the Public Broadcasting System, the Dirksen Leadership Center, Bradley University, Watchdogs of Treasury, Inc., and the Capitol Hill Club. In 1994, President Clinton awarded Mr. Michel the Presidential Medal of Freedom - our nation's highest civilian honor. He was presented with the Citizens Medal, our nation's second highest Presidential Award, in 1989 by President Ronald Reagan.

Leon Panetta is Director of the Leon and Sylvia Panetta Institute for Public Policy at California State University, Monterey Bay. Mr. Panetta served as White House Chief of Staff during the Clinton Administration from July 1994, to January 1997. Prior to assuming that role, he served as director of the Office of Management and Budget. Before his move to the White House, he was a US Representative from California's 16th District from 1977 to 1993, representing the Monterey Bay area. During his years in Congress, Panetta chaired several committees and subcommittees such as the House Committee on the Budget and the House Agriculture Committee's Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations and Nutrition. He authored the Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 and numerous successful measures to protect the California coast from offshore oil and gas drilling. His House tenure included four years as chairman of the Budget Committee.

Donna E. Shalala is president of the University of Miami, as well as a member of the faculty. She served as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services from 1993 to January 2001. She was the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 1987 to 1993. Ms. Shalala has also served as the president of Hunter College and as assistant secretary at HUD during the Carter administration. A distinguished political economist, she has been a professor at Syracuse University, Columbia University, the City University of New York, and the University of Wisconsin. Ms. Shalala is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Norman J. Ornstein is a resident scholar at AEI. He also serves as an election analyst for CBS News. Mr. Ornstein writes regularly for USA Today as a member of its Board of Contributors and writes a column called "Congress Inside Out" for Roll Call. He codirects the Transition to Governing Project and also serves on the Council on Foreign Relations Commission on the Future International Financial Architecture. He appears often on television programs such as Nightline, Today, Face the Nation, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. He writes frequently for the New York Times, The Washington Post, and other major newspapers and magazines. His books include Vital Statistics on Congress, 2001-2002, with Thomas Mann and Michael Malbin (2002); The Permanent Campaign and Its Future, with Thomas Mann (2000); and Intensive Care: How Congress Shapes Health Policy, with Thomas Mann (1995).

Thomas Mann is the W. Averell Harriman Senior Fellow in American Governance at the Brookings Institution. He codirects the Transition to Governing Project and is also currently involved with several other projects, including Comparative Perspectives on Money and Politics: Lessons for the U.S. and The Future of Internet Voting. Mr. Mann was the director of governmental studies at Brookings and is the former executive director of the American Political Science Association. His books include Vital Statistics on Congress, 2001-2002, with Norman J. Ornstein and Michael Malbin (2002); The Permanent Campaign and Its Future, with Norman J. Ornstein (2000); and Campaign Finance Reform: A Sourcebook, with Anthony Corrado, Daniel R. Ortiz, Trevor Potter, and Frank J. Sorauf, editors (1997, revised edition forthcoming).

John Fortier is a Research Associate at the American Enterprise Institute. He serves as director of the Continuity of Government Commission and the Transition to Governing Project. Mr. Fortier has taught at Boston College, Harvard University, and the University of Delaware. Prior to coming to AEI, he was a research associate at the Worcester Municipal Research Bureau in Massachusetts. He has published articles in the Review of Politics and other journals. He has also delivered numerous papers at the American Political Science Association, Southern Political Science Association and New England Political Science Association annual meetings. Fortier has provided commentary for BBC radio and television, Newsweek On Air, Hearst-Argyle television, Medill News Service television, Danish television, Dutch radio, WBUR radio (NPR Boston), and the Catholic Radio Network.